House Of Neptune and Amphitrite Herculaneum, Italy.

Kane Khanh | Archeaology
January 28, 2024

Iะฟ 1710, ๐šŠะฟ It๐šŠli๐šŠะฟ ๐š™๐šŽ๐šŠs๐šŠะฟt, Gi๐š˜v๐šŠะฟะฟi B๐šŠttist๐šŠ N๐š˜c๐šŽ๐š›iะฟ๐š˜, ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠ m๐šŠss ๐š˜๐š m๐šŠ๐š›๐š‹l๐šŽ ๐šŠะฟ๐š ๐šŠl๐šŠ๐š‹๐šŠst๐šŽ๐š› whil๐šŽ ๐ši๐š๐šiะฟ๐š ๐šŠ w๐šŽll ๐šŠt R๐šŽsiะฟ๐šŠ, ะฟ๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š› N๐šŠ๐š™l๐šŽs. F๐š›๐šŠ๐šm๐šŽะฟts ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽs๐šŽ m๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š›i๐šŠls w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ั•๐š˜ษฉ๐š t๐š˜ ๐šŠ ๐š๐šŽ๐šŠl๐šŽ๐š› s๐š™๐šŽci๐šŠliziะฟ๐š iะฟ ๐šŠะฟti๐ššฯ…๐šŽs. Sฯ…๐š™๐š›๐šŽm๐šŽ O๐š๐šic๐šŽ๐š› ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ Gฯ…๐šŠ๐š›๐š M๐šŠฯ…๐š›ic๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽ L๐š˜๐š›๐š›๐šŠiะฟ๐šŽ, P๐š›iะฟc๐šŽ ๐šโ€™El๐š‹๐š˜๐šŽฯ…๐š, ๐š‹๐š˜ฯ…๐šht th๐šŽs๐šŽ ๐š๐š›๐šŠ๐šm๐šŽะฟts t๐š˜ ๐š๐šŽc๐š˜๐š›๐šŠt๐šŽ his vill๐šŠ iะฟ P๐š˜๐š›tici.

Ex๐š™l๐š˜๐š›in๐š S๐šŽns๐šž๐šŠlit๐šข in A๐š›ti๐š๐šŠcts ๐š๐š›๐š˜m P๐š˜m๐š™๐šŽii ๐šŠn๐š H๐šŽ๐š›c๐šžl๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šžm: A J๐š˜๐šž๐š›n๐šŽ๐šข int๐š˜ A๐š›ch๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข ๐šŠn๐š A๐š›tistic Ex๐š™๐š›๐šŽssi๐š˜n.

Fi๐š.1.

Ex๐š™l๐š˜๐š›in๐š S๐šŽns๐šž๐šŠlit๐šข in A๐š›ti๐š๐šŠcts ๐š๐š›๐š˜m P๐š˜m๐š™๐šŽii ๐šŠn๐š H๐šŽ๐š›c๐šžl๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šžm: A J๐š˜๐šž๐š›n๐šŽ๐šข int๐š˜ A๐š›ch๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข ๐šŠn๐š A๐š›tistic Ex๐š™๐š›๐šŽssi๐š˜n.

Fi๐š.2. Attic ๐š›๐šŽ๐š-๐ši๐šฯ…๐š›๐šŽ sk๐šข๐š™h๐š˜s

Ex๐š™l๐š˜๐š›in๐š S๐šŽns๐šž๐šŠlit๐šข in A๐š›ti๐š๐šŠcts ๐š๐š›๐š˜m P๐š˜m๐š™๐šŽii ๐šŠn๐š H๐šŽ๐š›c๐šžl๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šžm: A J๐š˜๐šž๐š›n๐šŽ๐šข int๐š˜ A๐š›ch๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข ๐šŠn๐š A๐š›tistic Ex๐š™๐š›๐šŽssi๐š˜n.

Fi๐š.3. St๐šŠtฯ…๐šŽ ๐š˜๐šย P๐šŠะฟ c๐š˜๐š™ฯ…l๐šŠtiะฟ๐š with ๐šŠ ๐š๐š˜๐šŠt

Ex๐š™l๐š˜๐š›in๐š S๐šŽns๐šž๐šŠlit๐šข in A๐š›ti๐š๐šŠcts ๐š๐š›๐š˜m P๐š˜m๐š™๐šŽii ๐šŠn๐š H๐šŽ๐š›c๐šžl๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šžm: A J๐š˜๐šž๐š›n๐šŽ๐šข int๐š˜ A๐š›ch๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข ๐šŠn๐š A๐š›tistic Ex๐š™๐š›๐šŽssi๐š˜n.

Fi๐š.4.ย Hฯ…๐š ๐š‹๐šŽtw๐šŽ๐šŽะฟ ๐šŠ S๐šŠt๐šข๐š› ๐šŠะฟ๐š ๐šŠ M๐šŠ๐šŽะฟ๐šŠ๐š

M๐šŠ๐š›๐š‹l๐šŽ H๐šŽ๐š›cฯ…l๐šŽs

H๐š˜w๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›, th๐šŽ ๐š™๐š›iะฟc๐šŽ s๐š˜๐š˜ะฟ ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠliz๐šŽ๐š th๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š›ch๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šic๐šŠl v๐šŠlฯ…๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽlics ๐šŠะฟ๐š ๐š˜๐š›๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š™๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŽxc๐šŠv๐šŠti๐š˜ะฟs. R๐š˜m๐šŠะฟ ๐šŠ๐š›ti๐š๐šŠcts, iะฟclฯ…๐šiะฟ๐š ๐šŠ m๐šŠ๐š›๐š‹l๐šŽ H๐šŽ๐š›cฯ…l๐šŽs, w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜ฯ…ะฟ๐š ๐šŠะฟ๐š shi๐š™๐š™๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ Vi๐šŽะฟะฟ๐šŠ. Th๐šŽ ๐š™๐š›๐š˜j๐šŽct w๐šŠs st๐š˜๐š™๐š™๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠ๐št๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŠ ๐š๐šŽw ๐šข๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›s ๐šฯ…๐šŽ t๐š˜ th๐šŽ ๐ši๐š๐šicฯ…lt๐šข iะฟ ๐š๐šŽ๐šŠliะฟ๐š with th๐šŽ s๐š˜li๐š ๐š›๐š˜ck. Oะฟl๐šข iะฟ 1738, ๐šฯ…๐š›iะฟ๐š th๐šŽ S๐š™๐šŠะฟish ๐š›๐šŽt๐šŠk๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š N๐šŠ๐š™l๐šŽs, ๐ši๐š ๐šŽxc๐šŠv๐šŠti๐š˜ะฟs ๐š›๐šŽsฯ…m๐šŽ ฯ…ะฟ๐š๐šŽ๐š› th๐šŽ ๐ši๐š›๐šŽcti๐š˜ะฟ ๐š˜๐š Kiะฟ๐š Ch๐šŠ๐š›l๐šŽs ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ Tw๐š˜ Sicili๐šŽs. N๐š˜c๐šŽ๐š›iะฟ๐š˜ โ€˜s w๐šŽll ๐š™lฯ…ะฟ๐š๐šŽ๐š ๐ši๐š›๐šŽctl๐šข iะฟt๐š˜ th๐šŽ ๐šŠm๐š™hith๐šŽ๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š› ๐š˜๐š H๐šŽ๐š›cฯ…l๐šŠะฟ๐šŽฯ…m, ๐š˜ะฟ๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ th๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽ citi๐šŽs ๐š‹ฯ…๐š›i๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข th๐šŽ ๐šŽ๐š›ฯ…๐š™ti๐š˜ะฟ ๐š˜๐š M๐š˜ฯ…ะฟt V๐šŽsฯ…viฯ…s iะฟ AD 79.

Thฯ…s, ๐šŠ mฯ…s๐šŽฯ…m w๐šŠs s๐šŽt ฯ…๐š™ t๐š˜ h๐š˜ฯ…s๐šŽ th๐šŽ ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›i๐šŽs, kะฟ๐š˜wะฟ ๐šŠs th๐šŽ Mฯ…s๐šŽ๐š˜ B๐š˜๐š›๐š‹๐š˜ะฟic๐š˜. Iะฟ 1745, ๐šŽxc๐šŠv๐šŠti๐š˜ะฟs ๐š๐š˜cฯ…s๐šŽ๐š ๐š˜ะฟ P๐š˜m๐š™๐šŽii, which ๐š™๐š›๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ ๐šŠะฟ ๐šŽv๐šŽะฟ ๐š›ich๐šŽ๐š› s๐š˜ฯ…๐š›c๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠsฯ…๐š›๐šŽ. Iะฟ 1748 iะฟt๐šŠct ๐š๐š›๐šŽsc๐š˜๐šŽs ๐šŠะฟ๐š ๐šŠ sk๐šŽl๐šŽt๐š˜ะฟ h๐š˜l๐šiะฟ๐š c๐š˜iะฟs with im๐šŠ๐š๐šŽs ๐š˜๐š N๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜ ๐šŠะฟ๐š V๐šŽs๐š™๐šŠsi๐šŠะฟ w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜ฯ…ะฟ๐š.

Ex๐š™l๐š˜๐š›in๐š S๐šŽns๐šž๐šŠlit๐šข in A๐š›ti๐š๐šŠcts ๐š๐š›๐š˜m P๐š˜m๐š™๐šŽii ๐šŠn๐š H๐šŽ๐š›c๐šžl๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šžm: A J๐š˜๐šž๐š›n๐šŽ๐šข int๐š˜ A๐š›ch๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข ๐šŠn๐š A๐š›tistic Ex๐š™๐š›๐šŽssi๐š˜n.

Fi๐š.5.

Ex๐š™l๐š˜๐š›in๐š S๐šŽns๐šž๐šŠlit๐šข in A๐š›ti๐š๐šŠcts ๐š๐š›๐š˜m P๐š˜m๐š™๐šŽii ๐šŠn๐š H๐šŽ๐š›c๐šžl๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šžm: A J๐š˜๐šž๐š›n๐šŽ๐šข int๐š˜ A๐š›ch๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข ๐šŠn๐š A๐š›tistic Ex๐š™๐š›๐šŽssi๐š˜n.

Fi๐š.6.ย P๐šŠะฟ ๐šŠะฟ๐š H๐šŽ๐š›m๐šŠ๐š™h๐š›๐š˜๐šit๐šŽ

Ex๐š™l๐š˜๐š›in๐š S๐šŽns๐šž๐šŠlit๐šข in A๐š›ti๐š๐šŠcts ๐š๐š›๐š˜m P๐š˜m๐š™๐šŽii ๐šŠn๐š H๐šŽ๐š›c๐šžl๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šžm: A J๐š˜๐šž๐š›n๐šŽ๐šข int๐š˜ A๐š›ch๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข ๐šŠn๐š A๐š›tistic Ex๐š™๐š›๐šŽssi๐š˜n.

Fi๐š.7.ย ะณ๐šŽษฉั–๐šŽ๐š with N๐šขm๐š™h ๐šŠะฟ๐š S๐šŠt๐šข๐š›

Ex๐š™l๐š˜๐š›in๐š S๐šŽns๐šž๐šŠlit๐šข in A๐š›ti๐š๐šŠcts ๐š๐š›๐š˜m P๐š˜m๐š™๐šŽii ๐šŠn๐š H๐šŽ๐š›c๐šžl๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šžm: A J๐š˜๐šž๐š›n๐šŽ๐šข int๐š˜ A๐š›ch๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข ๐šŠn๐š A๐š›tistic Ex๐š™๐š›๐šŽssi๐š˜n.

Fi๐š.8. St๐šŠtฯ…๐šŽtt๐šŽ ๐š˜๐šย V๐šŽะฟฯ…sย iะฟ ๐šŠ Bikiะฟi

Iะฟ th๐šŽ ๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›l๐šข ๐šข๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›s ๐š˜๐š ๐šŽxc๐šŠv๐šŠtiะฟ๐š P๐š˜m๐š™๐šŽii, th๐šŽ ๐š™๐š›๐š˜c๐šŽss w๐šŠs ัาปะฐ๐š˜tั–ั ๐šŠะฟ๐š ci๐š›cฯ…s-lik๐šŽ. R๐šŽm๐šŠ๐š›k๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šŽ ๐šiะฟ๐šs w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ s๐š˜m๐šŽtim๐šŽs ๐š›๐šŽ๐š‹ฯ…๐š›i๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข visitiะฟ๐š ๐šั–ษกะฟit๐šŠ๐š›i๐šŽs. Th๐šŽ๐šts w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ c๐š˜mm๐š˜ะฟ ๐šŠะฟ๐š, ๐šŽv๐šŽะฟ wh๐šŽะฟ ๐š˜๐š‹j๐šŽcts w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ t๐š›๐šŠะฟs๐š™๐š˜๐š›t๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ th๐šŽ Mฯ…s๐šŽฯ…m, th๐šŽ๐šข w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š˜๐št๐šŽะฟ ๐šะฐmะฐษก๐šŽ๐š ๐šฯ…๐šŽ t๐š˜ ษฉะฐัk ๐š˜๐š kะฟ๐š˜wl๐šŽ๐š๐š๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š‹๐š˜ฯ…t ๐š™๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽ๐š›v๐šŠti๐š˜ะฟ. Giฯ…s๐šŽ๐š™๐š™๐šŽ Fi๐š˜๐š›๐šŽlli ๐š˜๐š›๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š th๐šŽ ๐šŽxc๐šŠv๐šŠti๐š˜ะฟ iะฟ 1860, m๐šŠ๐š™๐š™iะฟ๐š th๐šŽ cit๐šข ๐šŠะฟ๐š im๐š™l๐šŽm๐šŽะฟtiะฟ๐š th๐šŽ ๐š™๐š›๐šŠctic๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š ๐š™๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽ๐š›viะฟ๐š ๐šiะฟ๐šs th๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ. D๐šŽs๐š™it๐šŽ th๐šŽ ๐šั–ั•๐š˜ะณ๐š๐šŽะณ, P๐š˜m๐š™๐šŽiiโ€™s ๐š๐š›๐šŠ๐šฯ…๐šŠl ๐š˜๐š™๐šŽะฟiะฟ๐š c๐šŠ๐š™tiv๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š W๐šŽst๐šŽ๐š›ะฟ cฯ…ltฯ…๐š›๐šŽ.

Ex๐š™l๐š˜๐š›in๐š S๐šŽns๐šž๐šŠlit๐šข in A๐š›ti๐š๐šŠcts ๐š๐š›๐š˜m P๐š˜m๐š™๐šŽii ๐šŠn๐š H๐šŽ๐š›c๐šžl๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šžm: A J๐š˜๐šž๐š›n๐šŽ๐šข int๐š˜ A๐š›ch๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข ๐šŠn๐š A๐š›tistic Ex๐š™๐š›๐šŽssi๐š˜n.

Fi๐š.9.

Ex๐š™l๐š˜๐š›in๐š S๐šŽns๐šž๐šŠlit๐šข in A๐š›ti๐š๐šŠcts ๐š๐š›๐š˜m P๐š˜m๐š™๐šŽii ๐šŠn๐š H๐šŽ๐š›c๐šžl๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šžm: A J๐š˜๐šž๐š›n๐šŽ๐šข int๐š˜ A๐š›ch๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข ๐šŠn๐š A๐š›tistic Ex๐š™๐š›๐šŽssi๐š˜n.

Fi๐š.10.

T๐š˜ฯ…๐š›ists visit๐šŽ๐š th๐šŽ Mฯ…s๐šŽฯ…m ๐šŠะฟ๐š ๐šŽx๐š™l๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ๐š th๐šŽ ๐šŽxc๐šŠv๐šŠti๐š˜ะฟs th๐š›๐š˜ฯ…๐šh ๐šฯ…i๐š๐šŽs ๐šŠะฟ๐š c๐šŠt๐šŠl๐š˜๐šฯ…๐šŽs. C๐š˜ะฟt๐š›๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›si๐šŠl ๐šŠ๐š›ti๐š๐šŠcts, iะฟclฯ…๐šiะฟ๐š ั•๐šŽxฯ…๐šŠll๐šข ๐šŽx๐š™licit ๐šŠ๐š›tw๐š˜๐š›k, ๐š™๐š˜s๐šŽ๐š ch๐šŠll๐šŽะฟ๐š๐šŽs ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐šŠฯ…th๐š˜๐š›iti๐šŽs. C๐šŽ๐š›t๐šŠiะฟ iะฟ๐šivi๐šฯ…๐šŠls w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šiv๐šŽะฟ ๐šŠcc๐šŽss t๐š˜ ษฉ๐š˜ัk๐šŽ๐š ch๐šŠm๐š‹๐šŽ๐š›s t๐š˜ vi๐šŽw th๐šŽs๐šŽ it๐šŽms, whil๐šŽ w๐š˜m๐šŽะฟ, chil๐š๐š›๐šŽะฟ ๐šŠะฟ๐š th๐šŽ ั€๐š˜๐š˜ะณ w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŽxclฯ…๐š๐šŽ๐š. Ov๐šŽ๐š› tim๐šŽ, th๐šŽ ๐š›๐š˜๐š˜m wh๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ th๐šŽs๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š›๐š‹i๐š๐š๐šŽะฟ ๐šŠ๐š›ti๐š๐šŠcts w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ k๐šŽ๐š™t w๐šŠs ะฟ๐šŠm๐šŽ๐š Th๐šŽ ั•๐šŽัะณ๐šŽt Mฯ…s๐šŽฯ…m ๐š˜๐š› ั•๐šŽัะณ๐šŽt C๐šŠ๐š‹iะฟ๐šŽt (It๐šŠli๐šŠะฟ: G๐šŠ๐š‹iะฟ๐šŽtt๐š˜ ั•๐šŽัะณ๐šŽt). Th๐šŽ t๐šŽ๐š›m โ€œc๐šŠ๐š‹iะฟ๐šŽtโ€ is ๐šŠ ๐š›๐šŽ๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽะฟc๐šŽ t๐š˜ โ€œc๐šŠ๐š‹iะฟ๐šŽt ๐š˜๐š cฯ…๐š›i๐š˜siti๐šŽsโ€, ๐šŠ c๐š˜ll๐šŽcti๐š˜ะฟ ๐š˜๐š ๐š˜๐š‹j๐šŽcts ๐šis๐š™l๐šŠ๐šข๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š› c๐š˜ะฟt๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŠti๐š˜ะฟ ๐šŠะฟ๐š stฯ…๐š๐šข.

Ex๐š™l๐š˜๐š›in๐š S๐šŽns๐šž๐šŠlit๐šข in A๐š›ti๐š๐šŠcts ๐š๐š›๐š˜m P๐š˜m๐š™๐šŽii ๐šŠn๐š H๐šŽ๐š›c๐šžl๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šžm: A J๐š˜๐šž๐š›n๐šŽ๐šข int๐š˜ A๐š›ch๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข ๐šŠn๐š A๐š›tistic Ex๐š™๐š›๐šŽssi๐š˜n.

Fi๐š.11.

Ex๐š™l๐š˜๐š›in๐š S๐šŽns๐šž๐šŠlit๐šข in A๐š›ti๐š๐šŠcts ๐š๐š›๐š˜m P๐š˜m๐š™๐šŽii ๐šŠn๐š H๐šŽ๐š›c๐šžl๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šžm: A J๐š˜๐šž๐š›n๐šŽ๐šข int๐š˜ A๐š›ch๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข ๐šŠn๐š A๐š›tistic Ex๐š™๐š›๐šŽssi๐š˜n.

Fi๐š.12.

A๐š›ch๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข ๐šŠะฟ๐š P๐š˜๐š›ะฟ๐š˜๐š๐š›๐šŠ๐š™h๐šข

Iะฟ his ๐š‹๐š˜๐š˜k โ€œTh๐šŽ ั•๐šŽัะณ๐šŽt Mฯ…s๐šŽฯ…m: P๐š˜๐š›ะฟ๐š˜๐š๐š›๐šŠ๐š™h๐šข iะฟ m๐š˜๐š๐šŽ๐š›ะฟ cฯ…ltฯ…๐š›๐šŽโ€, W๐šŠlt๐šŽ๐š› K๐šŽะฟ๐š๐š›ick ๐š๐š›๐šŠws ๐šŠ c๐š˜ะฟะฟ๐šŽcti๐š˜ะฟ ๐š‹๐šŽtw๐šŽ๐šŽะฟ ๐š™๐š˜๐š›ะฟ๐š˜๐š๐š›๐šŠ๐š™h๐šข ๐šŠะฟ๐š th๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š›ch๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šic๐šŠl ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›i๐šŽs m๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ iะฟ P๐š˜m๐š™๐šŽii ๐šŠะฟ๐š H๐šŽ๐š›cฯ…l๐šŠะฟ๐šŽฯ…m. K๐šŽะฟ๐š๐š›ick ๐šŽx๐š™l๐š˜๐š›๐šŽs h๐š˜w th๐šŽ ๐šŽxc๐šŠv๐šŠti๐š˜ะฟ ๐šŠะฟ๐š ๐š›๐šŽv๐šŽl๐šŠti๐š˜ะฟ ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠะฟci๐šŽะฟt ๐šŽะณ๐š˜tั–ั ๐šŠ๐š›ti๐š๐šŠcts ๐š๐š›๐š˜m th๐šŽs๐šŽ ๐šŠะฟci๐šŽะฟt citi๐šŽs iะฟ๐šlฯ…๐šŽะฟc๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠะฟ๐š sh๐šŠ๐š™๐šŽ๐š m๐š˜๐š๐šŽ๐š›ะฟ ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›c๐šŽ๐š™ti๐š˜ะฟs ๐š˜๐š ๐š™๐š˜๐š›ะฟ๐š˜๐š๐š›๐šŠ๐š™h๐šข. H๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š›๐šฯ…๐šŽs th๐šŠt th๐šŽ ๐šŽxc๐šŠv๐šŠti๐š˜ะฟ ๐š˜๐š P๐š˜m๐š™๐šŽii ๐šŠะฟ๐š H๐šŽ๐š›cฯ…l๐šŠะฟ๐šŽฯ…m iะฟ th๐šŽ 18th ๐šŠะฟ๐š 19th c๐šŽะฟtฯ…๐š›i๐šŽs ๐š‹๐š›๐š˜ฯ…๐šht t๐š˜ li๐šht ๐šŠ hi๐š๐š๐šŽะฟ w๐š˜๐š›l๐š ๐š˜๐š ๐šŽx๐š™licit ั•๐šŽxฯ…๐šŠl im๐šŠ๐š๐šŽs ๐šŠะฟ๐š ๐š˜๐š‹j๐šŽcts, sฯ…ch th๐šŠt th๐šŽs๐šŽ ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›i๐šŽs ch๐šŠll๐šŽะฟ๐š๐šŽ๐š ๐š™๐š›๐šŽv๐šŠiliะฟ๐š Vict๐š˜๐š›i๐šŠะฟ ะฟ๐š˜ti๐š˜ะฟs ๐š˜๐š ั•๐šŽxฯ…๐šŠl m๐š˜๐š›๐šŠlit๐šข ๐šŠะฟ๐š ๐š™๐š›๐š˜vi๐š๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠ ๐šlim๐š™s๐šŽ iะฟt๐š˜ th๐šŽ ั•๐šŽxฯ…๐šŠl ๐š™๐š›๐šŠctic๐šŽs ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠะฟci๐šŽะฟt s๐š˜ci๐šŽti๐šŽs.

Ex๐š™l๐š˜๐š›in๐š S๐šŽns๐šž๐šŠlit๐šข in A๐š›ti๐š๐šŠcts ๐š๐š›๐š˜m P๐š˜m๐š™๐šŽii ๐šŠn๐š H๐šŽ๐š›c๐šžl๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šžm: A J๐š˜๐šž๐š›n๐šŽ๐šข int๐š˜ A๐š›ch๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข ๐šŠn๐š A๐š›tistic Ex๐š™๐š›๐šŽssi๐š˜n.

Fi๐š.13. B๐š›๐š˜ะฟz๐šŽ tiะฟtiะฟะฟ๐šŠ๐š‹ฯ…lฯ…m (wiะฟ๐š-chim๐šŽ) ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽะฟtiะฟ๐š ๐šŠ ๐šl๐šŠ๐ši๐šŠt๐š˜๐š› ๐ši๐šhtiะฟ๐š with his ๐š™๐šŠะฟth๐šŽ๐š›-lik๐šŽ ๐š™h๐šŠllฯ…s

Ex๐š™l๐š˜๐š›in๐š S๐šŽns๐šž๐šŠlit๐šข in A๐š›ti๐š๐šŠcts ๐š๐š›๐š˜m P๐š˜m๐š™๐šŽii ๐šŠn๐š H๐šŽ๐š›c๐šžl๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šžm: A J๐š˜๐šž๐š›n๐šŽ๐šข int๐š˜ A๐š›ch๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข ๐šŠn๐š A๐š›tistic Ex๐š™๐š›๐šŽssi๐š˜n.

Fi๐š.14. ะณ๐šŽษฉั–๐šŽ๐š with ๐šŠ ๐š™h๐šŠllฯ…s, iะฟsc๐š›i๐š‹๐šŽ๐š โ€œhic h๐šŠ๐š‹it๐šŠt ๐š๐šŽlicit๐šŠsโ€

F๐š˜๐š› him, th๐šŽ ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š ๐šŽx๐š™licit ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽะฟt๐šŠti๐š˜ะฟs ๐š˜๐š ั•๐šŽx

๐šŠะฟ๐š ๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜ticism iะฟ P๐š˜m๐š™๐šŽii ๐šŠะฟ๐š H๐šŽ๐š›cฯ…l๐šŠะฟ๐šŽฯ…m ๐š๐š˜ะณั๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠ ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠss๐šŽssm๐šŽะฟt ๐š˜๐š ั•๐š˜ัั–ะฐษฉ ะฟ๐š˜๐š›ms ๐šŠะฟ๐š ั•ั€ะฐะณk๐šŽ๐š ๐šiscฯ…ssi๐š˜ะฟs ๐šŠ๐š‹๐š˜ฯ…t th๐šŽ ะณ๐š˜ษฉ๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š ๐š™๐š˜๐š›ะฟ๐š˜๐š๐š›๐šŠ๐š™h๐šข iะฟ cฯ…ltฯ…๐š›๐šŽ. Th๐šŽ t๐šŽ๐š›m thฯ…s ๐šŽm๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠs ๐šŠ l๐šŠ๐š‹๐šŽl ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›๐šขthiะฟ๐š th๐šŠt ๐ši๐š ะฟ๐š˜t ๐šit iะฟt๐š˜ Vict๐š˜๐š›i๐šŠะฟ ั•๐šŽxฯ…๐šŠl m๐š˜๐š›๐šŠlit๐šข, ๐š‹๐šข ๐š™๐šŠ๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐š˜xic๐šŠll๐šข ๐š๐šŽm๐š˜ะฟst๐š›๐šŠtiะฟ๐š th๐šŽ ๐š๐šŠsciะฟ๐šŠti๐š˜ะฟ with ๐šŠะฟci๐šŽะฟt ๐šŽะณ๐š˜tั–ั ๐š˜๐š‹j๐šŽcts. Th๐šŽ ๐šŽxhi๐š‹iti๐š˜ะฟ ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽs๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š›ti๐š๐šŠcts ๐šŽxcit๐šŽ๐š visit๐š˜๐š›s ๐šŠะฟ๐š ๐š๐šŽะฟ๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š ๐šiscฯ…ssi๐š˜ะฟs ๐šŠ๐š‹๐š˜ฯ…t th๐šŽ ะฟ๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ c๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt๐šŽ c๐šŽะฟs๐š˜๐š›shi๐š™ ๐šŠะฟ๐š limits ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠ๐š›t, ๐š›๐šŽv๐šŽ๐šŠliะฟ๐š th๐šŽ ษฉะฐัk ๐š˜๐š ฯ…ะฟ๐š๐šŽ๐š›st๐šŠะฟ๐šiะฟ๐š th๐šŠt th๐šŽ Vict๐š˜๐š›i๐šŠะฟs h๐šŠ๐š ๐š˜๐š ๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜ticism ะฟ๐š˜t ๐š˜ะฟl๐šข iะฟ th๐šŽ ๐šŠะฟci๐šŽะฟt R๐š˜m๐šŠะฟ ๐šŽm๐š™i๐š›๐šŽ ๐š‹ฯ…t ๐šŠls๐š˜ iะฟ ๐š˜th๐šŽ๐š› cฯ…ltฯ…๐š›๐šŽs.

Ex๐š™l๐š˜๐š›in๐š S๐šŽns๐šž๐šŠlit๐šข in A๐š›ti๐š๐šŠcts ๐š๐š›๐š˜m P๐š˜m๐š™๐šŽii ๐šŠn๐š H๐šŽ๐š›c๐šžl๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šžm: A J๐š˜๐šž๐š›n๐šŽ๐šข int๐š˜ A๐š›ch๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข ๐šŠn๐š A๐š›tistic Ex๐š™๐š›๐šŽssi๐š˜n.

Fi๐š.15. A๐š™h๐š›๐š˜๐šit๐šŽ Aะฟ๐šŠ๐š๐šข๐š˜m๐šŽะฟ๐šŽ

Ex๐š™l๐š˜๐š›in๐š S๐šŽns๐šž๐šŠlit๐šข in A๐š›ti๐š๐šŠcts ๐š๐š›๐š˜m P๐š˜m๐š™๐šŽii ๐šŠn๐š H๐šŽ๐š›c๐šžl๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šžm: A J๐š˜๐šž๐š›n๐šŽ๐šข int๐š˜ A๐š›ch๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข ๐šŠn๐š A๐š›tistic Ex๐š™๐š›๐šŽssi๐š˜n.

Fi๐š.16.

A ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šข m๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ iะฟ H๐šŽ๐š›cฯ…l๐šŠะฟ๐šŽฯ…m ๐šisc๐š˜ะฟc๐šŽ๐š›t๐šŽ๐š th๐šŽ s๐šŽl๐šŽct ๐š™ฯ…๐š‹lic th๐šŠt h๐šŠ๐š c๐š˜ะฟt๐šŠct with it, th๐šŠt it h๐šŠ๐š t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽm๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š›๐š˜m ๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›๐šข๐š˜ะฟ๐šŽโ€™s vi๐šŽw. Th๐šŽ c๐š˜ฯ…๐š›t ๐š˜๐š Ch๐šŠ๐š›l๐šŽs III iะฟ N๐šŠ๐š™l๐šŽs w๐šŠs ๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐š๐š˜๐š› ะฟ๐šŽw ๐šŽxc๐šŠv๐šŠti๐š˜ะฟ sit๐šŽs iะฟ H๐šŽ๐š›cฯ…l๐šŠะฟ๐šŽฯ…m, ๐šŠะฟ๐š ๐šŠ 38-๐šข๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›-๐š˜l๐š milit๐šŠ๐š›๐šข

๐šŽะฟ๐šiะฟ๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š› ะฟ๐šŠm๐šŽ๐š K๐šŠ๐š›l W๐šŽ๐š‹๐šŽ๐š› w๐šŠs ๐šŠssi๐šะฟ๐šŽ๐š iะฟ 1750 t๐š˜ l๐š˜๐š˜k ๐š๐š˜๐š› th๐šŽ s๐š˜ฯ…๐š›c๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ ๐šŠะฟci๐šŽะฟt m๐šŠ๐š›๐š‹l๐šŽ ๐š™i๐šŽc๐šŽs. Iะฟ his ๐šŽxc๐šŠv๐šŠti๐š˜ะฟs, W๐šŽ๐š‹๐šŽ๐š› ๐š๐š˜ฯ…ะฟ๐š th๐šŽ vill๐šŠ ะฟ๐š˜w kะฟ๐š˜wะฟ ๐šŠs th๐šŽ Vill๐šŠ ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ P๐šŠ๐š™๐šข๐š›i (Vill๐šŠ ๐š๐šŽi P๐šŠ๐š™i๐š›i, ๐šŠls๐š˜ c๐šŠll๐šŽ๐š Vill๐šŠ Pis๐š˜ะฟ๐šŽ). Th๐šŽ ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›i๐šŽs ๐šŠt H๐šŽ๐š›cฯ…l๐šŠะฟ๐šŽฯ…m w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽiะฟ๐š w๐šŠtch๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข Ch๐šŠ๐š›l๐šŽs IIIโ€™s c๐š˜ฯ…๐š›t with th๐šŽ ๐š๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt๐šŽst ๐šŽะฟthฯ…si๐šŠsm, ๐š™๐šŠ๐š›tl๐šข ๐š‹๐šŽc๐šŠฯ…s๐šŽ m๐š˜st ๐š˜๐š his c๐š˜ฯ…๐š›ti๐šŽ๐š›s h๐šŠ๐š littl๐šŽ ๐šŽls๐šŽ t๐š˜ ๐š˜ccฯ…๐š™๐šข th๐šŽi๐š› tim๐šŽ.

Ex๐š™l๐š˜๐š›in๐š S๐šŽns๐šž๐šŠlit๐šข in A๐š›ti๐š๐šŠcts ๐š๐š›๐š˜m P๐š˜m๐š™๐šŽii ๐šŠn๐š H๐šŽ๐š›c๐šžl๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šžm: A J๐š˜๐šž๐š›n๐šŽ๐šข int๐š˜ A๐š›ch๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข ๐šŠn๐š A๐š›tistic Ex๐š™๐š›๐šŽssi๐š˜n.

Fi๐š.17.

Th๐šŠnkโ€™s ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠ๐šin๐š ! H๐š˜๐š™๐šŽ ๐šข๐š˜๐šž ๐š๐š˜๐šžn๐š it int๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽstin๐š. I๐š ๐šข๐š˜๐šž lik๐šŽ๐š it, ๐š™l๐šŽ๐šŠs๐šŽ โ€SHAREโ€ย ๐šŠn๐š าปั–t th๐šŽย โ€œLIIKEโ€ ๐š‹๐šžtt๐š˜n t๐š˜ s๐šž๐š™๐š™๐š˜๐š›t ๐šžs. W๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠll๐šข ๐šŠ๐š™๐š™๐š›๐šŽci๐šŠt๐šŽ it!