The fossilized remains of this graceful Dionide from Portugal’s Valongo Formation

What Is A Trilobite?

Trilobites were a very diverse group of extinct marine arthropods. They first appeared in the fossil record in the Early Cambrian (521 million years ago) and went extinct during the Permian mass extinction (250 million years ago). They were one of the most successful of the early animals on our planet with over 25k described species, filling nearly every evolutionary niche. Due in large part to a hard exoskeleton (shell), they left an excellent fossil record.

• The last trilobites went extinct at the end of the Permian period over 20 million years before the first dinosaur appeared on earth.
• While most trilobites were fairly small, averaging around an inch in length a few types could grow to over a foot in length. The largest trilobite ever found is 70 cm long and collected on the shores of the Hudson Bay in Canada.
• Many species of trilobites particularly in the Devonian developed complex arrays of spines. These spines could have served as protection against predators such as fish.
• Many types of trilobites could enroll into a ball much like “pill bugs” for protection.
• Trilobites were one of the first animals we know of to have the eyes. They were unique in that they had multi-faceted eyes made out of calcite lenses.
• Nearly all trilobite fossils are fossils of their external exoskeleton or shell. There are only a few localities in the world that preserve soft body parts such as legs, antennae and gills. A few of these are the Lorraine Shale of NY, the Burgess Shale and Maotianshan Shales in China.
• There are tens of thousands of species of trilobites. Some are quite common while others are extremely rare. Only a fraction of the known species have ever been found complete.
• Trilobite fossils are commonly found by splitting shales and limestones. Trilobites don’t come out of the ground looking like the trilobites for sale on FossilEra. They often require many hours of preparation work under microscope to remove the surrounding matrix/rock.
• Trilobite means three lobe but they are not named for their head (cephalon), thorax and pygidium, but rather for the three axial lobes that divide their body length-wise.
• Even ancient humans collected trilobites. Trilobite fossils have been found in human burial mounds dating back 50k years.
• Buy trilobite fossils from FossilEra with confidence knowing that you are getting authentic, well prepared specimens, and reasonable prices.
• Find tons of trilobite information on https://www.trilobites.info

Trilobite Anatomy

The name “Trilobite” means, “Three lobes.” This title refers to three main sections of the trilobite: a central lobe and two pleural lobes. More popularly, they are referred to as: the cephalon (head), the thorax (abdomen), and the pygidium (tale). Beneath the tough exterior are three pairs of legs for the head and paired legs for each pleural groove. Trilobites have distinctive, biramous appendages (meaning two branches).

Trilobite anatomy sketch. Drawn by Muriel Gottrop

I – Cephalon, II – Thorax, III – Pygidium, 1 – Facial suture, 2 – Librigena (Free Cheek), 3 – Genal Spine, 4 – Glabella, 5 – Occipital ring, 6 – Fixigena, 7 – Eye, 8 – Axial lobe, 9 – Pleures, 10 – Dorsal line, 11 – Ornamentation, 12 – Posterior spine

A trilobite has many distinct body parts with specific name, form, and function. The website, www.trilobites.info, has a wonderful morphology map of both the under and upper sides of the exoskeleton: https://www.trilobites.info/trilomorph.htm

Feeding strategies are inferred from anatomical features. The glabella, an area of the cephalon which is usually more bulbous, is where the trilobite stomach is. After the stomach, follows the alimentary canal to the anus. Trace fossils, unique cephalon and hypostome morphology, as well as a few glimpses at appendage structure are the clues scientists have to determine the ecological niche of these “bugs.”

The exotic skeletal structures are beautiful and functional. Some trilobites have a predatory hypostome apparently designed to hold, pin, or break up prey. Tiny spines on appendages imply that such spiny structures act as little sweepers to move food toward the mouth. Some features on these appendages imply a filtering strategy, instead. 

Feeding Strategy

Trace fossils such as little troughs in ancient mud, and feathery tracks imply that some species are mud scavengers. Streamlined body design or flowing spines imply the ability to swim or float efficiently for hunting or filtering. Individual trilobites buried while resting just outside worm burrows imply that some species may have hunted burrowing animals and possibly used their specialized appendages or hypostomes for such predatory activity.

Features such as eyestalks and or a 360 degree field of view suggest a life history beneath the mud where food or danger lurked from above. Many species have turreted eyes and other spiny features that may have been suited for life on muddy bottoms. At least one species was able to live, and presumably feed in low oxygen environments.

Molting

Trilobites molted their exoskeletons, a process called ecdysis. Since trilobites molted like other arthropods, they needed a means to remove themselves from their exoskeleton when it became too tight. They did this through their crescentic head shield. The cephalic shield disintegrated into individual parts: the cranidium (which is the globella and free cheeks), a rostral plate, and hypostome (a stiff structure associated with the mouth).

First, the animal found a relatively safe place. Trilobites became soft, delicious treats without their shells. Hormones are likely to have stimulated the molt process. In insects, a sudden release of prothoracicotrophic hormone in the corpora cardiaca causes the prothoracic glands to release specific molting hormones called, ecdysteroids. After stimulation, likely by hormones, facial sutures start to break open. The “free cheeks”, or librigenae, are attached by facial sutures. The soft animal can slide out of the exoskeleton through the opening in the facial sutures.

Facial sutures terminate on the genal area of the cephalic shield. (The spines that point laterally and outward from the cephalic shield are called genal spines.) The three kinds of sutures are defined by where the termination occurs. The three types are called proparian, gonatoparian, and opisthoparian. The proparian sutures terminate anterior to the genal angle, the opisthoparian sutures terminate on the posterior cephalic margin, and gonatoparian sutures terminate between the other two, at the genal angle.

Suture position determined whether the visual surface stayed with the free cheeks or remained with the cranidium. New cornea material was reconstructed. Different species had different suture characteristics. Some groups such as Phacops and Asaphus had sutures which were inseparably fused. We can only speculate as to how they climbed out of their shell.

During reconditioning of the exoskeleton, trilobites may have secreted a thin prismatic layer first, with a very thin primary layer underneath that continued to thicken. The primary layer resists cracking, making the exoskeleton strong enough to stand up to the force of preparation, even after these millions of years.

“Sheds” are the molted exoskeletons that prevail in the trilobite fossil record. They typically do not have free cheeks attached, but the cheeks are not far away from a molt which was buried quickly. It is believed that mating occurred post-molt while the animal was still soft.

Trilobite Eyes

Trilobites are the most primitive animal known to have vision. Some possessed stalked eyes, others had turrets full of lenses, and some seem to have no eyes at all. Many trilobites evolved compound eyes with 360 degrees of vision.

Faceted eye of the trilobite Eldredgeops rana crassituberculata of Ohio.

Some trilobites have expansive lenses which are separately inlaid and without a common cornea. This compound eye is an adaptive design of the sub-order to Phacopina. It is known as the schizochroal eye, and this style of sight is ideal for low light conditions. This particular adaptation included up to 700 lenses which were thick, and relatively large. The calcite which comprised the lens was extraordinarily pure. A system of mounted, double lenses was effective for reducing the distortion that can occur with calcite crystals. A wide field of view was an advantage to trilobites with perched or turreted eyes.

Some trilobites peered through the most ancient and widespread mode of trilobite vision- holochroal eye. These eyes were often comprised of thousands of tiny lenses. A single corneal membrane covered all of the lenses of this compound eye. The lenses were packed closely in a hexagonal fashion. The eyes were not covered by the white layer of sclera. Modern arthropods do have sclera covering their eyes.

A few Cambrian species have the abathochroal eye. This type of vision is similar to the schizochroal eye. The sclera is not thick, and the corneal membrane does not reach downward like the intrascleral membrane which deeply anchors the corneal membrane in Holochroal and shizochroal eyes. In the abathochroal eye, the corneal membrane ends at the edge of the lens. 

Trilobite Life Stages

It is considered likely that trilobites mated just after moulting, but before their exoskeleton hardened and thickened. After hatching from eggs, trilobites advanced through three different stages of distinctive morphology: protaspid, meraspid and holaspid stages. Each successive stage included the addition of segments and ornamentation.

Adults in holaspid stage could continue to increase in size until their body mass and environmental limitations halted growth. While many trilobites are penny-sized and even an inch or two long, several are quite small and others startling enormous, such as Isotelus rex which could grow over two feet long.

Trilobite Extinction Events

The early Cambrian (521 mya) marks the first appearance of trilobites. From this era, fossils already display a high degree of diversity and geographic distribution, therefore emergence was much earlier. Trilobites continued to develop and radiate during the lower Paleozoic until their decline into the Devonian. Proetida is the only trilobite order that survived into the Permian. The Permian mass extinction that occurred 250 mya, included the disappearance of the last trilobites, as well.

The end of the Ordovician saw the onset of extensive ice ages. The consolidation of Pangea would have cooled the earth by cutting off ocean currents. This affected populations in the open ocean, but trilobites living on warm continental shelves continued to thrive and diversify.

The evolution and proliferation of jawed fish likely exacerbated the decline of trilobites, but was probably not the primary reason for reduction in populations. Warming and cooling trends caused by volcanism is another idea, as are the effects of a meteor impact. Very high carbon dioxide levels would have also killed marine species and affected the food chain. There is no definitive conclusion as to what eliminated these exotic treasures from the Earth.